The other side think

Pengusaha Properti Sukses

2010-07-20T08:52:00.002-06:00

Menilai kemampuan sendiri - Bagaimana cara mengetahui harga rumah yang ideal untuk Anda. Ini akan membuat Anda semakin cepat mendapatkan rumah.
Teknik mencari rumah yang dapat dibeli Gratis - Tidak semua rumah dapat kita beli dengan gratis, jika rumah tersebut tidak memenuhi kriteria dalam teknik ini, segera cari yang lain.
Teknik menilai harga rumah - Ini akan melindungi Anda dari harga rumah yang overprice, sehingga membuat Anda terhindar dari resiko kerugian.
Bahkan dengan menggunakan teknik ini, banyak member
Bisnis-Properti.Com yang berhasil mendapat keuntungan dimuka saat membeli rumah.
Teknik menilai tingkat perkembangan harga rumah - Ini akan sangat membantu Anda dalam menentukan rumah mana yang lebih menguntungkan untuk dibeli.
Teknik mengetahui rumah mana yang tidak boleh dibeli - Tidak semua rumah bisa dibeli, jangan sampai salah membeli rumah seperti ini, hal ini bisa sangat merugikan Anda.
Teknik menawar harga rumah - Dengan teknik ini, Saya jamin Anda akan menawarkan harga terbaik dari rumah yang Anda inginkan.
Teknik mengubah jadi sumber penghasilan - ini adalah cara membuat rumah yang dibeli supaya bisa memberikan penghasilan tambahan bagi Anda.
Bagaimana cara membangun bisnis Properti dengan Minim Modal bahkan zero Modal
Bagaimana cara membeli properti tanpa uang muka.
Bagaimana teknik membeli properti dengan tanpa modal sama sekali.
Bagaimana membeli Properti tanpa uang cash malah dapat uang
Bagaimana cara mendanai transaksi properti dengan Uang orang lain Ada beberapa Teknik Membeli Rumah Dengan Menggunakan Uang Orang Lain.
Bagaimana membangun aset bermodalkan hutang. Teknik dahsyat yang bisa merubah hutang menjadi aset.
Bagaimana Memperoleh Modal tanpa batas dari Properti.
Bagaimana Teknik Negosiasi Sederhana untuk melakukan pembelian lahan dan 100 % Pasti Berhasil ?
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Bagaimana menegosiasikan harga Properti sehingga anda akan mendapatkan harga yang HOT DEAL.
Bagaimana Strategi Jitu dalam Negosiasi pembebasan lahan sehingga Anda bisa mendapatkan tanah tanpa perlu harus mengeluarkan biaya sebesar harga tanah.
Bagaimana menilai Properti yang harganya berkembang dengan cepat atau lambat, agar anda bisa Menilai Property secara sempurna.
Kapan kondisi terbaik membeli properti.
Bagaimana menjadi pelaku properti yang sukses.
Bagaimana Membuat properti bekerja untuk anda.
Bagaimana Membangun passive income dari properti yang anda beli.
Bagaimana Meledakkan passive income dari properti anda.
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Bagaimana Melindungi bisnis anda dengan Properti.
Bagaimana Menjual Properti Anda tanpa harus kehilangan Properti.
Bagaimana menjadi kontraktor properti dengan modal kerjasama.
Bagaimana Menjadi developer dengan hanya bermodalkan tanah orang lain dan Membangun dengan Modal orang lain.
Bagaimana Anda akan mengetahui Rahasia seorang Developer yang dibuka secara gamblang tanpa ditutup-tutupi lagi, dan Kami yakin TIDAK ADA pelaku bisnis property sukses yang mau berbagi ilmunya.
Kapan Waktu yang tepat Membeli, Menahan dan Menjual Properti.
Bagaimana Teknik Flip atau menjual properti dengan cepat.
Bagaimana Sukses memperoleh Kredit kepemilikan rumah (KPR) apapun kondisi anda.
Bagaimana Membedakan hutang baik dan hutang buruk.
Bagaimana Anda diajarkan untuk menganalisa lahan yang profitable serta kelayakan tanah dan prosedur pembebasan lahan sehingga cocok dijadikan untuk kawasan perumahan.
Bagaimana proses negosiasi dengan bank sehingga bank pasti 100 % setuju.

Bagaimana cara memainkan instrument dari semua lini.
Strategi mengembangkan bisnis dengan landasan berbagi dan silaturahmi.
Membongkar 10 Kesalahan Berinvestasi Properti.

selanjutnya dapat di lihat di http://bisnis-properti[.]com/

Prospek Investasi Perkebunan Pasaman Barat

2009-10-01T16:31:00.003-06:00

Sebelum Gempa beberapa hari yang lalu Prospek Investasi Perkebunan Pasaman Barat, kurang lebih sebagai berikut (semoga : Gempa berakhir). Perkebunan yang ada sekarang adalah perkebunan sawit seluas 101.500 Ha dengan hasil per tahun sebanyak 857.047,4 ton, cacao seluas 1.749 Ha dengan hasil per tahun sebanyak 1.619,75 ton, kelapa seluas 3.502,75 Ha dengan hasil per tahun 7.372,9 ton, kulit manis dengan luas 2.334 Ha dengan hasil per tahun 987 ton, kopi seluas 2.175,5 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 837,2 ton, karet seluas 6.885,5 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 4.652 ton, jahe seluas 24,5 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 53,7 ton, cengkeh seluas 15,7 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 4,1 ton, merica seluas 34,5 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 2,92 ton, nilam seluas 767,5 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 9,82 ton, gardamunggu seluas 131 Ha dengan hasil pertahun 18,6 ton. Komoditi di bidang usaha unggulan sektor perkebunan adalah kelapa sawit.

Penghasil utama komoditas bahan baku minyak goreng itu adalah kecamatan-kecamatan yang kini bergabung dengan Pasaman Barat. Sebut saja Kecamatan Pasaman, lokasi ibu kota berada, dan Kecamatan Lembah Melintang.

Luas areal perkebunan kelapa sawit seluruhnya kurang lebih 102.000 hektar, sekitar 77.000 hektar termasuk perkebunan inti dan plasma, sementara sisanya adalah perkebunan rakyat.

Dari 102.000 hektar kebun sawit di Pasaman Barat, 62 persennya berada di Kecamatan Pasaman, selebihnya ada di seluruh kecamatan dengan beberapa di antaranya yang cukup luas berada di Kecamatan Lembah Melintang, Kinali, dan Sungai Beremas.

Produksi kelapa sawit yang bisa dipanen hingga sebulan dua kali itu diolah menjadi minyak sawit mentah (crude palm oil/CPO) oleh pabrik pengolahan kelapa sawit.

Di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat terdapat 13 pabrik kelapa sawit, namun hanya lima di antaranya yang aktif dengan kapasitas produksi masing-masing pabrik 40 hingga 80 ton CPO per jam.

Produksi tandan buah segar kelapa sawit tahun 2002 sebanyak 854.000 ton lebih. Setelah diolah setengah jadi menjadi CPO, hasilnya dibawa ke Padang untuk diolah menjadi minyak goreng, sebagian dari itu juga diekspor ke Malaysia.

Pengangkutan CPO dan sumber daya alam Pasaman Barat lainnya secara massal melalui Pelabuhan alam Air Bangis di Kecamatan Sungai Beremas. Pelabuhan kecil itu menjadi satu-satunya pelabuhan andalan angkutan perairan wilayah ini. Air Bangis yang belum bisa disinggahi kapal besar menyediakan angkutan penumpang dan barang yang menuju Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur di Padang dan daerah-daerah sekitar. Untuk ke depan, kabupaten yang memiliki perairan sepanjang kurang lebih 142 kilometer ini berencana mengembangkan Pelabuhan Air Bangis menjadi pelabuhan samudra yang bisa disinggahi kapal-kapal besar.

Selain transportasi air yang dilayani Pelabuhan Air Bangis, Pasaman Barat juga memiliki terminal angkutan darat. Dua jenis angkutan yang tersedia adalah angkutan pedesaan yang menggunakan mobil minibus dan antarkota/antarkabupaten dengan memakai bus-bus berukuran sedang.

Peluang investasi dibidang perkebunan, diarahkan pada perkebunan karet dan kakao. Hal ini disebabkan karena di Kabupaten pasaman barat sudah banyak investor yang menanamkan modalnya pada sektor kelapa sawit. Padahal untuk komoditi karet dan kakao, tanah di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat sangat cocok. Ini terbukti dari dulu masyarakat di Kabupaten Pasaman Barat pada umumnya mencari nafkah dengan bertanam karet, kopi, cengkeh dan nilam. Namun setelah investor kelapa sawit memasuki Pasaman Barat, dan harga sawit cukup menggiurkan disamping perawatan tanaman kelapa sawit yang tidak banyak membutuhkan biaya, masyarakat banyak yang mengganti tanamannya menjadi sawit.

Pada pasca Gempa (30/9), diharapkan perbaikan infrastruktur segera dilaksanakan sehingga roda investasi dapat segera berjalan dengan baik.

Innovation in the food industry

2009-07-07T08:13:00.000-06:00

Title:Innovation in the food industry
View Article: Agribusiness (New York) 2002. 18 (1). 1-21
CD Volume:383
Author(s):Traill W B Meulenberg M
Author Affiliation:Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 237, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
Other Title:Innovation in the food industry
Language:English
Abstract:12 food manufacturing companies in 6 European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK) have been studied in 1996 with respect to the way in which they innovate, their motivations, and their emphasis on product or process innovation. It is suggested that the traditional "demand-pull" versus "technology-push" versus "a mixture of both" debate is too simplistic. Firms behave differently depending on their dominant "orientations" towards the product, the process, or the market, the types of market they supply (particularly whether they supply branded or private-label products), the nature of their ownership (public, private, cooperative), market size and scope, and company size. The suggestions of the case studies are, in general, supported by quantitative results from a survey of food manufacturers, though the survey was not designed specifically for this purpose and further quantitative model development is proposed. The findings reported in this article and the proposed refinements are important to firms and policymakers concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of food industry innovation
Descriptors:case-studies. food-industry. food-marketing. food-products. innovation-adoption. innovations. labelling. markets. new-products. product-development
Geographic Locator:Denmark. France. Germany. Netherlands. Sweden. UK
Supplemental Descriptors:Scandinavia. Northern-Europe. Europe. Developed-Countries. European-Union-Countries. OECD-Countries. Western-Europe. Mediterranean-Region. Benelux. British-Isles. Commonwealth-of-Nations
Subject Codes:ee116. ee700. qq000
Supplementary Info:13 ref
ISSN:0742-4477
Year:2002
Journal Title:Agribusiness
Copyright:Copyright CAB International

Save with frequent flyer programs

2009-04-29T16:27:00.001-06:00

Save with frequent flyer programs

Casino pit bosses will tell you how best to make your table action is paying dividends to register for a card player who is used to record points based on how much money you made and how long you play. You can often get gifts on food, hotel rooms and merchandise. The same applies to flying. If you do not have a program to reward or frequent flyer card number when you buy your next ticket, get one. The credits, miles or points you earn when you fly in addition to the discounted or free flights, upgrades and other rewards. Not all programs of the airlines are the same, so here are 10 tips to make programs for you commuters off.

1. Look for value.
2. Book early.
3. Diversify.
4. Get the credit card.
5. Watch for promotions.
6. Double dip.
7. Watch expiration dates.
8. Avoid fees.
9. Pack light.
10. Finally, free does not mean free.

Look for value.

If you want to fly 25,000 miles and Delta Air Lines, consider how much is the ticket before you use the miles. Now many sales due to the weak economy. If you can fly round trip from Atlanta to Boston for $ 178 worth buying the ticket and save the miles for free transcontinental flight could cost you twice as much to buy or use it to get an update on an international flight.

Book early.

Make sure you get free ticket for only 25,000 miles. Do not pay 50,000 miles that took him two years to accumulate to a cramped coach seat unless you absolutely have to.

The best way to maximize your miles is to book your award ticket at least several months before you want to fly. This is because the number of reward seats available at the lowest level of the redemption of many airlines are limited, especially at peak times of day or peak days.

"If someone tries to get a prize in a high demand for specific flight at a given time of day and are not flexible, can be disappointed," American Airlines spokesman Tim Smith said.

If you must travel at a specific time on a given day and their plans do not come together until about the days you want to leave, you can still get a free ticket, but it may cost you more miles. 60,000 miles, Delta guaranteed a free seat on a domestic flight, excluding travel to Hawaii, if a coach seat is available.

Diversify.

Sign in to several programs of reward - it's free. Rewards airline AirTran Airways is increasing rapidly. You can get a free domestic coach ticket for 16 flight credits, which have only eight return flights paid, regardless of distance, to accumulate.

But if you tend to have a lot of transcontinental flights, you can get a free ticket faster round-trip coach of United Airlines or U.S. Airways, which, like Delta reward miles based on the distance to travel. AirTran flies only in North America. But the 100 flight credits, AirTran will buy a ticket anywhere in the world with another company.

Get the credit card.

Some airline credit cards will mark 2 miles or points for each dollar spent at the partner airline or a mile and 1 point for every dollar spent elsewhere. Some of these cards carry annual fees of $ 85 or more. AirTran and Delta, however, have partnered to offer credit cards, no annual fee option, but that comes with 1 point or miles for every dollar spent at the partner airline and half miles or 1 point for every dollar spent elsewhere.

"For those people who are paid very large sums in dollars per year in the cards, but do not yet have a revolving balance, mileage worthwhile cause. The annual fee is worth," said David Robertson, an expert on credit card frequent flier promotions and publisher of the Nilson Report, a newsletter for the credit card industry.

Watch for promotions.

Some airlines offer frequent flyer members the opportunity to get more miles, points or credits if you hire a car with a partner company, to fly to certain places or buy a NetFlix membership. For travel between now and May 14, United States has reduced the miles required for travel to Europe 55,000 to 40,000. Look at the websites of airlines and sign with airlines for e-mail alerts on promotions.

Double dip

Some reward programs hotel allows you to earn some airline miles as their reward or carriers to transfer reward points to a partner airline awards program.

Watch expiration dates.

Frequent flyer miles, points or credits do not last forever in some airlines. With some programs of airlines miles or credits expire after a year or two. But members of credit cards can help. On AirTran, for example, flight credits are generally valid for 12 months after the date they were posted to the member's account. But for the owners of the mark AirTran Visa credit card and Elite, flight credits are valid for 24 months after the date of publication.

Avoid fees.

Book your ticket online reward. Calling a customer service agent can cost you - AirTran charges a $ 15 booking fee directly. Try to fly the airline on which you are redeeming miles reward. Using your frequent flyer miles in three weeks of travel can cost you a fee - $ 75 at Continental Airlines OnePass members if the basic reward ticket book less than 21 days from the date of travel.

Pack light.

You check to pay the fees of the bag, even if you are travelling on a reward ticket. So, try just a carryon bag and one personal item per person. If you have to check a bag and travel with another person, to merge their belongings in a bag and split the fee. But be careful not to pack the bag too heavy. There are fees for excess baggage. The fees vary according to the company - some carriers charge for coach passengers on domestic flights $ 15 for first checked bag and $ 25 for a second checked bag. Delta charges $ 90 on a domestic flight on a checked bag weighing between 51 pounds and 70 pounds.

Finally, free does not mean free.

The reward redemption generally includes the base fare of the ticket. Some airlines charge for certain taxes or fees. American and other companies, you still pay $ 2.50 for the security service fee that all boarding passengers at U.S. airports have had to pay since the rate was established after the September 11, 2001, attacks. In America, international award tickets are subject to, and the passenger is responsible for, applicable departure taxes and / or federal inspection fees.

Investor Come in

2009-04-20T07:46:00.000-06:00

PT Bank Sri Partha (BSP) has launched a new name to PT Bank Andara. The launch was conducted after the finalization akusisi by four new investors to the Bank Sri Partha. The fourth investor is Mercy Corps International (MCI), Coorporation International Finance (IFC), the HIVOS-Triados Fund (HTF), and the Catholic Organizations for Relief and Development Aid (CORDAID).

Director of Bank Andara Paul Wiranata said in launching on the sidelines in the name of the Bank Andara Mulia Hotel, Jakarta, Monday:

Pascaakusisi by new investors, the capital of Bank Sri Partha has now become Rp 135, 9 billion. In fact, capital is expected to reach Rp 175 billion.
With the inclusion of four new investors, Bank Andara orientation change, ie, from a retail banking wholesale banking with a focus on the financing of Microfinance Institutions, such as cooperatives, Perkreditan Bank Rakyat (BPR), and the Village Institute.
Basically we became pioneers main financial partner for the microfinance sector of Indonesia, to develop innovative and wide range for those who have less access to financial services.
Bank Andara is optimistic can improve its performance. This is supported by the size of the microfinance sector in Indonesia, with more than 50,000 microfinance institutions with more than 40 million people.
The opportunity is open for entry to the Bank Andara in the sector. After the name change, Bank Andara will perform the restructuring process, including upgrading of human resources and technology infrastructure improvements.

Source alternative energy

2009-04-04T17:36:00.001-06:00

In most cases, straw is still considered waste and often burned as useless. In fact, the product side of the business of rice farming in fact have great potential as a biofuel base material, environment-friendly fuel.

Will not only provide added value, the straw also prevent release of carbon to the atmosphere when burned. Carbon cycle to atmosphere can be extended by turning them into biofuel.

Innovation has been wanted ethanol producers in China. Moreover, as one of the largest countries, each year approximately 230 million tons of rice straw stem discarded casually. Three straw processing facilities into biofuel has been built up at this time. However, the process for straw not an easy thing. Stem-rich straw that cellulose is not easy to unravel bacteria commonly used in the process of biomass.

The researchers take advantage of lye sodium hydroxide for destroy before fermentation or fermentation process. All done in the room temperature, without additional energy, and need little water, so that overall the process is simple, fast, cost effective, and environmental hospitable. Method the same fact has also been used to produce ethanol in more than 30 countries. However, the material is processed sugar cane, corn, and soybean the main food source is human, not the material out.

While in China, so that the straw processed biogas. The use of solvents has been proven to increase production of methane gas mixture of carbon dioxide and up to 65 percent. Residues or waste also useful as compost. Three pilot projects are funded entirely by the manufacturer Government of China through the Program Research and Development of High Technology. As an agricultural producer of rice, not the technology of this kind are appropriate in Indonesia of using cassava or palm oil.

Already Successful

PT Rajawali Nasional Indonesia biofuel industry in Indonesia. Raw materials is the main biofuel industrial waste comes from sugar cane or molasses.

Sustainable biofuel plant with a 50,000 kilo liters per year will be held in Gresik Regency on the land area of six hectares of land. Estimated, the factory fuel alternatives require approximately 150,000 tons of sugar factory waste per year.

Investment value of this range plant biofuel 36,000 U.S. dollars. Development of alternative energy industry is estimated to finish mid-2010. All raw materials supplied will biofuel industry PT Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia.

Making a choice for a school

2009-03-23T07:15:00.000-06:00

What is the right school for my child? A lot of parents are struggling with this question and as educator and parent I have experienced that parents tend to keep on assessing schools and bringing up this issue. Thus, an interesting topic to discuss!

We all agree that the choice of a school is important. Everyone is looking for good quality schools for the best price. Harder is it to answer the question: "What is good quality?" If we examine this question, everyone will come up with a different answer.

For some, quality is found in the academic achievement of a school, for others it is the school's facilities and then there are parents who say that a school is a good school when the communication between school and parents is effective and responsive. I think it is safe to conclude that all of these aspects (and more) are important indicators for good quality. Nevertheless, agreeing on what is quality is tough.

Consequently, when defining quality is hard, how do parents choose a school? Research on school choice is extensive and shows that most parents choose a school because it is located near to home.

Other aspects that are mentioned are, for example: the curriculum of the school and factors as "Is the curriculum self built by the school or is it part of a bigger network?", "Is the curriculum/school accredited by an independent organization?", etcetera. Especially, this last question gives important information on the results of the school in relation to other schools. This is a more or less independent and abstract quality measurement.

Strangely overseen is the fact that a school is a learning institute. In other words, the "product" of a school is the learning that is taking place within the classroom and the school.

Most researchers agree that learning in schools should get a holistic approach. Which means that learning is not only about knowledge, but also about applying that knowledge and combining knowledge and skills to understand processes and developments in the world outside school. Only focusing on knowledge (academics) is selling your child short. Especially in the hi-tech world we are living in today, where the amount of knowledge is extensive and a lot of it is fluid. Accordingly, combining knowledge and skills to gain understanding are all three equally important elements of the learning triangle.

Subsequently, research demonstrates that, as the result of upbringing, heredity and environmental differences, people preferentially take in and process information in different ways.

There is also the idea that people use different intelligences to learn new and consolidate old information (refer to Howard Garner and others). Thus, we can conclude that every person learns and develops her or his talents and skills differently. It is evident that a school, being a learning institute, should accommodate these differences to their school population.

Having a complex process as learning as the core business results in lots of different schools and learning-cultures. Parents having to choose a school are therefore facing a challenge. Recommended is to look for the best match between the child and the school's learning culture.

Some questions that might help to find out if the school is the best match are: "Can I see evidence of learning taking place in the school?", "What is the learning approach of the school?" and "How does the school find out the specific learning needs and learning styles of my child?"

Children are resilient and most will adapt to their school environment cheerfully, and being happy is an important ground for learning! Nevertheless, as a parent it is also important to look beyond that joy and choose a school that understands the holistic concept of learning in relation to your child's specific learning.

Source: Karen Peters , Contributor , Jakarta | Thu, 01/22/2009 4:35 PM | Supplement
-The writer has a PhD in Educational Sciences and works at Partners in Educational Development, Jakarta. She can be reached at: educational.development@hotmail.com.

Signal Forest Destruction

2009-03-07T09:46:00.002-06:00

A number of cases out of the forest tiger is a sign that nature was the king of the forest damage in the forest environment. Environmental damage that may be caused logging in the forest, illegal logging, to a burning forest and land.

Damage to forests in Sumatra are in the middle of this big. That is one of a number of trigger conflict between tiger and humans that occurred simultaneously in January-February. This forests is a live tiger habitat. If the forest is not disturbed, tiger will not take big risks to get out of their habitat and expose themselves to human settlements

Sumatera relax into the settlement of Halaban, Limapuluh City District, and a number of cattle memangsa. District Limapuluh still in the city, public unrest will cause excess harimau support of up tiger hunting. A tiger hunter caught Polsek Kapur IX District Limapuluh City two weekends back.

In Riau Province, the three conflict tiger tail tiger died; while six people died in Jambi Province. Events occur only within a period of one month only.

Forest fires and land does not only impact on the disease in the channel human respiratory infections, but also the balance of habitat not stable live animals in the forest.

Every time a fire to burn the forest, animals disturbed and will soon move to a safe place. When the switch is to the decrease, many animals will go to the settlement population.

With the emergence of the tiger to the settlement, the Government is expected to take a policy for saving the forest, not to increase the area of forest conversion.

Activists denounce plan to allow palm oil firms in peatlands

2009-02-20T07:47:00.003-06:00

Environmental activists have mounted a challenge against the government’s plan to allow palm oil companies to set up plantations in the country’s remaining peatlands.

Greenpeace Southeast Asia says the plan runs counter to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s promise to halve emissions from the forestry sector by 2009. The President made the pledge during the climate change conference in Bali in 2007 and at the G7 summit in Hokkaido, Japan, last year.

“Opening up peatlands would cause huge carbon emissions into the atmosphere that can’t be compensated for, including by oil palm trees,” Greenpeace forest campaigner Yuyun Indradi told The Jakarta Post on Sunday.

He called on Yudhoyono to take action to halt the conversion of peatlands, or risk the failure of efforts to tackle climate change.

“The government needs to protect the remaining peatlands and forests if we are to slow down climate change and protect the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities and biodiversity,” he said.

The government has promised to cut emissions, including from the forestry sector, by 50 percent in 2009, 75 percent in 2012, and 95 percent in 2025.

The National Action Plan on mitigation and adaptation on climate change revealed the country’s agriculture sector contributed up to 96.42 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in 2005.

The Agriculture Ministry said it would issue a decree this year allowing businesses to open up peatlands for oil palm plantations, as part of efforts to boost the country’s crude palm oil (CPO) production.

Ecosys, a European-based institute dealing with energy, carbon and biofuel issues, estimates that peatlands planted with oil palms would emit about 0.46 kilograms of CO2 per megajoule (MJ).

Indonesia has about 20 million hectares of dense, black tropical peat swamps that are natural carbon storage sinks.

Fitrian Ardiansyah, head of WWF Indonesia’s climate change and energy program, said the government should prioritize exploiting millions of hectares of idle land if it wanted to expand the CPO business.

“We currently have more than 7 million hectares of idle land. Why does the government not utilize this before opening up forests or peatlands?” he said.

Demand for CPO has risen globally, spurred on by the development of the biofuel industry.
However, scientists warn the use of crop-based biofuels could speed up rather than slow down global warming, by fueling the destruction of rainforests.

Once heralded as the answer to oil, biofuels have become increasingly controversial because of their impact on food prices and the amount of energy it takes to produce them.

They may also be responsible for pumping far more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than they could possibly save as a replacement for fossil fuels, according to a study released Saturday.

“If we run our cars on biofuels produced in the tropics, chances will be good that we are effectively burning rainforests in our gas tanks,” Holly Gibbs, of Stanford’s Woods Institute for the Environment, was quoted as saying by AFP.

Gibbs studied satellite photos of the tropics from 1980 to 2000, and found that half of new farmland came from intact rainforests, with another 30 percent from disturbed forests.

“When trees are cut down to make room for new farmland, they are usually burned, sending their stored carbon into the atmosphere as CO2,” Gibbs said.

For high-yield crops like sugarcane, it would take 40 to 120 years to pay back this carbon debt.

For lower yield crops like corn or soybeans, it would take 300 to 1,500 years, she told reporters at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

“Biofuels have caused alarm because of how quickly production has been growing: global ethanol production increased by four times and biodiesel by 10 times between 2000 and 2007,” she said.

“Moreover, agricultural subsidies in Indonesia and in the United States are providing added incentives to increase production of these crops.”

Gibbs estimated that anywhere from a third to two-thirds of recent deforestation could be as a result of the increased demand for biofuels, but added an increased demand for food and feed also played a major role.

Much of the expansion of cropland in response to growing demand and rising prices is occurring in the tropics, where there is an abundance of arable land and an ideal growing climate for biofuel crops like sugarcane, soybeans and oil palms.

Source: Adianto P. Simamora , THE JAKARTA POST , JAKARTA | Mon, 02/16/2009 9:12 AM | Headlines

Seeking green EU - ASEAN ties

2009-02-20T07:29:00.002-06:00

In the run-up to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Bali, spectacular action by environmental NGOs highlighted the controversies surrounding the current boom in the palm oil industry. Greenpeace, in collaboration with Indonesian activists from Sumatra, dammed an irrigation canal to protest against the conversion of Sumatra's last rainforests.

A report by Wetlands International and Wageningen University placed Indonesia in third place on the global list of carbon emitters, because of the huge amounts of carbon released when the peat forests are drained. In reaction, representatives from the Indonesian and Malaysian governments and from the industry toured Europe to seek support for sustainable palm oil, claiming that, if properly managed, the product can play a positive role in the fight against global warming.

The oil palm, elaeis guineensis, is native to central Africa, but can be grown successfully as a commercial crop in tropical lowland areas. The products from the palm, crude palm oil, palm kernel oil and palm kernel meal and their derivates are extremely versatile, and, in addition to widespread use as cooking oil, are important ingredients for the food, cosmetics and chemical industries and as animal feed. Indonesia and Malaysia together account for over 80 percent of global production and Europe is one of their biggest markets.

The boom in the palm oil industry is breathtaking. Global output of crude palm oil increased by 65 percent between 1995 and 2002. The area devoted to oil palm plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia doubled to ten million hectares between 1995 and 2005. New plantations and expansion targets are being developed in the Philippines, in Thailand and in Papua New Guinea. The expansion of oil palm plantations is a key component of government development strategies across the region.

The links to, and importance of Europe in this development are profound and manifold. Europe is not only an important and expanding market for palm oil products. European banks, the food and chemical industries, agribusiness, animal feed, and also direct producers and refiners of palm oil such as Unilever are intertwined with the industry at different levels.

At the same time, the European Union and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations are cooperating in expanding free trade between the regions and in environmental protection. This includes joint initiatives against the problem of haze, for the protection of biodiversity, and, more recently, to stop global warming and to promote sustainable energy.

The latter initiative, perhaps ironically, has intensified the controversies surrounding oil palm. Environmental NGOs based in Europe, concerned by the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in Southeast Asia, had been targeting the industry in the 1990s, campaigning around media-responsive species such as orangutans.

The exposure of the industry to negative publicity led to the formation of the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) in Malaysia and later in Indonesia. The stakeholder initiative which included leading corporations and the WWF set down criteria for sustainable palm oil, such as a zero-burning policy and no conversion of High Conservation Value Forests.

The European Commission has drafted a scheme that would fulfill the sustainability criteria as well as promote reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). The EU Commission laid out three criteria: to achieve a minimum level of GHG savings; to avoid major reduction in carbon stocks through land use change; and to avoid major biodiversity loss from land use change.

The Commission claims its scheme will ensure that biomass, failing to meet one of the criteria, will neither count towards meeting Member States' obligations nor be eligible for any incentives e.g. fuel-tax deductions or other financial support. The Member States would be responsible for ensuring the criteria are respected, and legislation would be put in place to define the requisite procedural requirements.

However, the scheme to set mandatory biofuel targets for the transport sector, has led to a new round of campaigning. Critical reports on RSPO members have questioned the implementation of the criteria, and the industry has also come under attack for antiunion policies.

At this stage, the proposed EU certification schemes, however, do not take into consideration the indirect, or displacement, effects of diverting plant oils to biofuel production. Certification of palm biodiesel is potentially meaningless if palm oil imported for food or other industrial purposes does not need to be certified. For example, certified EU-sourced rapeseed oil might be diverted from food purposes to make certified biodiesel, only to be replaced in the edible oils market by uncertified palm oil that has been grown unsustainably on former tropical forest.

Although these initiatives could be considered nontrade barriers, it is clear that environmental issues are high on the agenda of foreign importers of Indonesian biodiesel. To maintain these markets, the Indonesia government and producers will need to meet environmental and social criteria. Other major markets, such as China and India, may be less discerning on environmental or social grounds. The net result is likely to be that developed-country markets will be furnished with sustainably produced biofuels and palm oil while other markets will take the less-sustainably-produced products. Hence demand from the EU and other OECD countries could simply displace unsustainable practices to other markets, including domestic markets.

The Indonesian government has stipulated national standards (SNI- 04-7182-2006) for biodiesel parameters, e.g. carbon residue and sulfur and acid concentration, closely following the international standards. The remaining issue now is how to cost-effectively apply the scheme into domestic markets without causing too much burden to the industry. However, it is politically sensitive to treat the domestic market as an inferior market.

The interaction between Europe and ASEAN, therefore, is much more complex and dynamic than a simple relationship of supply and demand, or government policy within the framework of international conventions. A specific, contested regime of environmental and development governance is emerging and changing, framed by coalitions from industry, civil society and government that operate transnationally.

The writer is a researcher at the Department of Economics, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Jakarta and Graduate Student of the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, NUS.
Source: Imelda Maidir , Jakarta | Wed, 02/18/2009 2:07 PM | Opinion

House hits out at biofuel subsidy

2009-02-10T17:34:00.003-06:00

The government's proposal to subsidize biofuel mixed in Premium gasoline and diesel faces tough challenges from lawmakers.

The lawmakers suspect that the policy would only benefit the producers. This suspicion was triggered by the presence of the Indonesian Biofuel Producers Association (APROBI) who accompanied the government in the hearing where the proposal was submitted.

The government Monday proposed to Commission VII, overseeing the energy and mining sector at the House of Representatives, to allocate Rp 831.43 billion (US$70.61 million) to subsidize bioethanol and biodiesel mixed in with subsidized Premium gasoline and diesel.

The figure was increased from the initial proposal of Rp 774.47 billion.

Evita H. Legowo, director general for oil and gas at the energy and mineral resources ministry, said the higher figure was because the government estimated the consumption of subsidized Premium gasoline and diesel will exceed its initial quota.

Earlier, the government had proposed the House to revise up the allocated quota for subsidized Premium gasoline from 19,444,354 kiloliters to 20,638,869 kiloliters and diesel from 11,605,183 kiloliters to 12,500,750 kiloliters.

Evita said the volume of bioethanol and biodiesel mixed in with the two fuels would consequently rise. .

"The Rp 831.43 billion is proposed to subsidize 206,389 kiloliters of bioethanol and 625,038 of biodiesel. The average subsidy will remain at the maximum Rp 1,000 per liter as we proposed earlier," Evita said.

She added the subsidy would only be spent when the biofuel prices are higher than the fossil fuel prices and the maximum subsidy paid out will be capped at Rp 1,000 per liter.

"We are proposing this subsidy to maintain the stability of biofuel supply to the domestic market," Evita Legowo said.

In September, the government issued a regulation mandating the use of biofuel by manufacturers, commercial businesses, fuel retailers and power plant operators.

State oil and gas company PT Pertamina, the sole distributor of subsidized fuels, was ordered by the government to use at least 1 percent biopremium in subsidized Premium gasoline and up to 5 percent of biosolar in subsidized diesel.

Paulus Tjakrawan, APROBI's secretary general, said that biofuel producers had suffered losses by selling their products to Pertamina..

"At the moment, the biofuel market prices are higher by between Rp 800 and Rp 1,200 a liter than the Pertamina prices," Paulus said.

However, the presence of APROBI in the hearing was questioned by most of the lawmakers.

"We want the government to explain clearly what is behind this subsidy propossal. The discussion about subsidies cannot be done with other parties, because it will be prone to colussion," said Effendi Simbolon.

Alvin Lie voiced a similar argument. "The government must make it clear as to where the proposed subsidy will go. Is it to the people or to the biofuel producers," Alvin said.

Lawmakers and the government agreed to hold another meeting to discuss this matter further.

Source:Alfian , The Jakarta Post , Jakarta | Tue, 02/10/2009 2:39 PM | Business

2009 Oil & Gas Production Target Realistic

2009-02-09T09:56:00.000-06:00

The 2009 oil and gas production target, consisting of 960 thousand bpd of oil and 7,56 billion cubic feet per day is regarded realistic. The government is optimistic in reaching this target due to the report of oil and gas contractors that they have no substantial problem in production.

“The 2009 oil and gas production target is realistic, because actual production is doing well. Keeping this in mind, we are optimistic in reaching this target” explains the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, Purnomo Yusgiantoro during the press conference of Oil and Gas Working Contractors at the Department of Energy and Mineral Resources on Tuesday (3/2).

The minister remarked that this production is consistent with field conditions and the targeted national income stated in the national budget, which is neither too low nor high. “This target is aimed at reaching the target set in the national budget”. The minister also pointed out several recurring problems which may hinder production, including environmental, operational, technical, security, and governmental policy issues.

The Director General of Oil and Gas, Evita H. Legowo explains that she will facilitate to solve these issues. “We are ready to facilitate the problems faced by the contractors”. The Head of BP Migas R Prijono explains that he will coordinate and support the contractors in solving these problems in order to reach the production target.

Govt may give subsidy for biofuels

2009-01-31T17:15:00.000-06:00

The government is proposing a subsidy for biofuel in an attempt to promote the use and distribution of this form of renewable energy.

Energy Mineral Resources Minister Purnomo Yusgiantoro submitted this plan in a hearing on Thursday with the House of Representative commission VII, which oversees energy and mineral resources.

Under the plan, the government will give the subsidy to state owned oil and gas company PT Pertamina as the sole distributor of the fuel.

Pertamina will get a subsidy of Rp 1,000 (8.9 US cents) for each liter of biofuel distributed, he said.

Declining crude oil prices in global markets has made the development of biofuel less commercially attractive, given the high costs involved in producing biofuel.

Pertamina for example, has had to dig deep into its own pocket to keep the price artificially low in the local market, with the company having publicly said it was considering scaling back its biofuel production. As such this would definitely put the country’s renewable energy development plan in danger.

Purnomo said that a subsidy was therefore needed as an incentive for Pertamina to keep its biofuel distribution business going.

“The subsidy will be given on condition there will be a higher price for biofuel feedstocks,” he said.

The subsidy is aimed at helping Pertamina cover high production costs for biofuel so that it could still sell its biofuel products at commercially reasonable prices.

Pertamina could for instance sell biosolar, which is a combination of 2.5 percent biodiesel and 97.5 percent conventional diesel, at Rp 4,500 a liter, at the same price as 100 percent diesel.

Similar pricing would apply to bioethanol with Pertamex.

Pertamina had planned to scrap its biofuel business, as its biofuel products had caused the company to suffer Rp 16.9 billion (US$1.8 million) in losses last year due to the high prices of the two raw materials, namely ethanol and crude palm oil.

Under the subsidy proposal, the government is expected to spend an additional Rp 744.4 billion, topping up the previously agreed subsidy allocation of Rp 57.6 trillion already stated in the 2009 state budget.

The subsidy is expected to keep the government’s energy policy on track, which is designed to help gradually reduce the dependency on increasingly imported fossil fuels.

The government targets that by 2025, biofuel consumption must contribute at least 5 percent of the national energy portfolio, from less than 1 percent currently.

Aside from providing a subsidy for Pertamina, the government has required fuel retailers to ensure that biodiesel accounts for at least 1 percent of their national fuel sales.

While for bioethanol, the quota is set at 3 percent.

Thursday’s meeting at the House also approved the amount of fuels to be subsidized this year.

The amount of subsidized fuels will increase to 38.9 million kiloliters this year from a previous estimate of 36 million kiloliters as the lower price of fuels encourages higher consumption.

The new fuel subsidy costs are down 0.13 percent on 2008.

Source: Ika Krismantari , The Jakarta Post , Jakarta | Fri, 01/30/2009 2:18 PM | Business

gold production to 60,000 ozs in 2009

2009-01-29T18:47:00.001-06:00

Medusa Mining is an expanding gold producer in the Philippines, listed on the London AIM and the Australian ASX. Medusa's gold production operations are very robust due to its high grades and low production costs, and over the next 12 to 18 months should expand considerably from an initial annualised 40,000oz as new multiple mines are brought into production to feed a central milling facility. Medusa is focused on expanding its resource base and production profile to benefit not only shareholders but also its employees and local communities. The Company’s exploration upside is rated as excellent for the discovery of new gold and copper-gold deposits.

Medusa Mining to increase gold production to 60,000 ozs in 2009
by Andrew McCrea

Medusa Mining (ASX/AIM:MML) achieved an increase of 76% in gold production to 12,158 ounces at the company's Co-O mine in the Philippines, at an average grade of 15.84 g/t and average cost of US$215 per ounce during the September quarter.

Forecast production for 2008/09 is 38-45,000 ounces. Anticipated long term cash costs are forecast at approximately US$200 per ounce.

Increase in gold production stages

Expansion (Phase 1) will raise gold production to 60,000 ozs (annualised) per year in Q3 2009. The Agsao shaft was completed to depth ahead of schedule with the first development ore expected in Q1 2009.

Phase II expansion will raise gold production from 60,000 ozs to 100,000 ozs per annum in early 2010, has commenced (this is independent of Phase I expansion). A new power line to the mine has been energised.

Co-O Resources gold inventory at Co-O Mine exceeds 1.2 million ounces

Resources were increased by 341,000 ozs (40% increase) to 1,203,000 ounces at 13.3 g/t gold in 2,820,000 tonnes. This increase resulted from the new high-grade discovery named Great Hamish Vein, announced on December 1, which currently contains 318,000oz in 265,000 tonnes at 37.3gpt gold. The company drilled 12 holes into Great Hamish Vein in the December quarter, which averaged 61.84gpt gold over an average intersection of 2.23m wide.

Co-O new high grade vein discovery

Twelve drill holes into Great Hamish Vein averaged 61.84 g/t gold over an average intersection width of 2.23 metres.

Lingig Porphyry Copper Discovery

Drilling is continuing. A comprehensive report will be provided in March 2009 after receipt of back-logged assays and completion of a revision of the geology.

Kamarangan Porphry Prospect

Drilling is continuing. A comprehensive report will be provided after completion of first pass drilling.

source:http://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/4175/medusa-mining-to-increase-gold-production-to-60000-ozs-in-2009-4175.html

Diversification of energy to biofuel must be the way

2009-01-19T07:35:00.001-06:00

The increase in temperature cause the earth in the polar ice melt, glacier decline and disappear, sea level rise, climate change occurs in extreme and difficult to predict, flooding it on various regions, different types of storms come silih switch, a number of species of plants and animals destroyed, biodiversity decline, agricultural products decreased, and various types of human diseases lurk. Regional glacier or snow lasting Carstensz Peak in 1995 and decreased to 70%. In fact, this is the only glacier in the tropical country.

When crude oil prices bounced up to penetrate U.S. $ 100 per barrel, the government announced the biofuel. Some of the raw material fuel vegetable (BBN) is also mentioned, among others, Jatropha curcas L, CPO, cassava, and maize.

Despite fuel price was revealed, the movement to increase the consumption of biofuel may not be lax. The government should immediately have a plan and a mature comprehensive about biofuel industry, biofuel raw materials, marketing and consumption of biofuel. So the price decline in crude oil can not turn the movement of energy diversification, so that human dependence on energy consumption of fuel oil (BBM) or more fossil energy decreased

Global warming is the increase in average temperature of the earth surface due to the increased amount of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Heating followed by climate change (climate change) is very frequent extreme. Climate change by excessive rainfall to cause flooding and erosion. While in the other, to make climate change into the dry season is very dry.

In the last ten years, flooding has removed millions of human lives and destroy property worth trillion property rupiah. While the long dry marked increase in air temperature cause some plants and animals destroyed.

Lately, said greenhouse gases, global warming, climate change and decorate the mass communication media. This is a reflection of the mass media's responsibility towards the earth and the human environment. Earth and its contents belong to future generations not only now but also the property of children and grandchildren. The property of mankind throughout the period. Therefore, the earth must be maintained and the environment must be a commitment.

If you're still in a certain degree, greenhouse gases indeed useful for living things. But, with increasing industrialization, transport, and various human activities that use the fuel-based electricity and fossil energy, the concentration of greenhouse gases to be excessive. The earth's heat.

One type of greenhouse gases that contribute most to the emission of greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Donated most of the carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels (oil and coal) in the industrial sector, power, transportation, and burning forests.

Coal power plants are the biggest carbon dioxide producer. The power to remove coal energy doubling of energy produced. Each 1000 megawatt power plants that produce electricity out of coal emissions would remove 5.6 million tons of carbon dioxide per year.

Ranking second is the use of fuel by vehicles. Vehicles that consume 7.8 liters per 100 km premium will emission 3 tons of carbon dioxide. If there is the 3.6 million motorcycles and 2.3 million cars, how much carbon dioxide emissions to the air?

Wellstream - well positioned to benefit from Brazil's emerging deepwater oil province

2009-01-13T17:30:00.001-06:00

Petrobras (NYSE:PRN), the Brazilian oil and gas titan, has been making headlines in recent years. A string of massive oil and gas discoveries in deep water off the cost of Brazil has propelled the company up the oil and gas reserves league table, and turned it into one of the largest integrated energy companies on the planet. Not that Petrobras was small fry before, but the potential of up to 50 billion barrels of light oil that will launch Brazil into the premier league of oil producing nations, has transformed the company almost overnight. So much so, that it was recently reported that China offered a US$10 billion line of credit to Petrobras to help fund development of its 65% interest in several multi-billion barrel discoveries.

Petrobras has recently stated that an oil price of $40/barrel is required to justify the investment, but most analyst believe a price tag closer to $50/barrel is required. Perhaps what investors have missed is that these prices are over the life of the fields. Considering the sheer scale of the discoveries, the current price of oil is pretty irrelevant, as it will take years to develop the fields, and decades to deplete them (current estimates suggest US$100 billion of capital expenditure over 30 years). Far higher on Petrobras' agenda is overcoming the technical challenges of extracting oil from such deep discoveries. This is where FTSE 250 Oil Services company Wellstream comes into the fray.

Wellstream is the second biggest player, with around 35% market share, in flexible pipes for the oil and gas industry, including flowlines, risers, jumpers and transfer lines, which are designed to transport production fluids from the well on the seabed to the surface and work under extreme conditions often seen in offshore developments. The company's products form an integral part of offshore production facilities, including Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessels (FSPO).

It is widely agreed by the analyst community that Petrobras will be utilizing dozens of FSPOs to develop its discoveries. Wellstream currently has two manufacturing bases, one here in the UK, and a second new facility in Brazil.

Wellstream just happens to have a long history of working with Petrobras in Brazil, and by building a manufacturing facility on the edge of one of the newest oil and gas basins in the world, has virtually ensured that it will be kept busy for many years to come. Petrobras and Wellstream signed a framework agreement in August 2008, whereby Wellsteam will provide flexible pipes to Petrobras over four years.

The agreement, worth at least £600 million, will see Wellsteam supply over 700 kilometres of pipe, or approximately 40% of current capacity (30% of capacity once current expansion plans are completed at the end of Q1 2009 – expanding total capacity by 40% from 410km/yr to 570km/r.)

Despite the considerable potential of Wellstream to capture a significant slice of the market for flexible pipes in Brazil, shares in the company have retreated in recent months, in-line with the wider oil and gas services sector. Investors are clearly concerned about demand looking beyond the current order book, which stands at around £350 million, or 9 months.

The speed of the collapse of the oil price in the past 4 months has also caught many oil and gas companies on the hop, combined with a sudden difficulty to secure finance or raise capital in the equity markets. There is no doubt that a number of small and mid-tier oil and gas companies who had previously planned to invest in expensive offshore developments will now be forced to shelve their ambitions. In fact, in recent weeks, it has become abundantly clear that any junior oil and gas company straddled with any capital intensive development is going to be under severe strain. Oilexco is a prime example.

However, on the flip side, the super-majors, who are really the only players that realistically afford deep and ultra-deep developments, are still cash rich, and while they are cutting back on capex programs in the near term, long term they have to continue to invest in replacing their reserves, and that means investing in projects like the discoveries off the cost of Brazil.

So while Wellstream will probably see some contracts being delayed or cancelled altogether, the long term outlook for the company looks robust.

An Interim Management statement from Wellstream on 18 November 2008 summed up the company perfectly. Capacity is expected to increase by 40% by the end of the first quarter of 2009, the order backlog stands at £350 million and the group increased its debt facility to £100 million. For the six months to June 30 2008 the company cut its net debt position to around £35 million and announced its first dividend payment.

Wellstream released a trading statement today, which underlined yet again the solid order book. Total revenue backlog increased from £295 million at 30th June 2008 to approximately £330 million as of 31 December 2008 (£336 million at 31 December 2007)

Looking ahead, Wellstream said that it continued to look forward to growing the business. The overall demand in the oil and gas sector for new developments is certainly going to slow, but Wellstream looks well position to continue to grow as it expands capacity in anticipation of increased expenditure for offshore developments by the majors and super majors.

by Ian Mclelland

Source: http://www.proactiveinvestors.co.uk/companies/news/3940/wellstream-well-positioned-to-benefit-from-brazils-emerging-deepwater-oil-province--3940.html

Jatropha curcas L as a raw material for biofuel

2009-01-13T05:37:00.001-06:00

Distance fence (Jatropha curcas L.) is a plant that has been long recognized by our society as a plant barrier / fence, plants and medicine of the oil for lighting, especially during the Japanese occupation. With the limited availability of fossil fuels, the government has been developing a fuel vegetable involving various sectors. At this time the use of castor oil as a raw material for the fence fuel vegetable not develop as a commercial can not compete with the fuel, diesel and kerosene.

plant compared with the distance of the fence of the plant as a raw material for fuel is a vegetable other areas can be developed in the dry and marginal land, the land potential for wide area in East Indonesia (± 20 million ha).

Besides, there are other benefits that can be developed as the material for making soap, medicines, chemicals and oilcake for organic fertilizer because it contains nitrogen (N) and organic materials other.

Development of the plant fence distance is as vegetative (cutting) and generative (seeds). Development of the distance to the fence and plant a fence to prevent erosion can be done quickly by using the cutting. However, to produce oil for fuel, its development should use the seeds because productivity period and higher plants that live longer. In order to support the development of plant fence distance, the distance of seed availability and superior quality fencing is a must. For the garden needs to be developed as sources of seed gardens parent tree and selected to meet the technical requirements and in accordance with administrative regulations and rules seedling. To be able to development master garden fence with the distance, a guide is required as a guide in its implementation.

Update you about the fiscal exit tax

2009-01-12T16:37:00.000-06:00

Update you about the fiscal exit tax in indonesia

I like to update you about the fiscal exit tax and sunset policy regulations, which might become handy for your personal or company needs.
Refer to Directorate General of Tax (DGT) Decree No. 53/PJ/2008 dated 31 December 2008, the subject that entitled to pay the fiscal exit tax are:

- More than 21 years old.
- And do not have tax ID.

Once you have the tax ID you are not will be subject for fiscal exit tax anymore and also your dependants or family member with straight relationship (i.e. parents and parents in law, your child and adopted child, step child)

Where the requirement to get this exemption are:

1. Bring the original tax ID (or copy if the one that leaving is your dependants or family member).
2. Bring the copy of family card (the document that listing all your family member from your local district government)
3. A statement letter that explain that the family member were borne by the owners of tax ID (if the one that leaving is your parents in law or your parents)

Therefore what I like you to be aware are:

1. Ensure that your tax ID is valid (consist of 15 digits).

2. Ensure that the name in your tax ID, ID card and passport are the same without major difference.

3. Ensure that your tax ID have at least already registered more than 3 days in the tax office.

4. Ensure that you prepare and bring the statement letter and all the copy of above documents when you are planing to leave overseas.

Please be advised now that the fiscal exit tax now is increase from Rp 1,000,000 to Rp 2,500,000 for airflight and from Rp 500,000 to Rp 1,000,000 for sea freight.

Hope this could be useful for you all.

source:"fitriyanto@gmail.com"

biofuel terms

2009-01-08T10:26:00.000-06:00

Biodiesel: Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from new and used vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces air pollutants such as PM, CO, HC and air toxics. However, emissions of NOx increase with the concentration of biodiesel in the fuel. Some biodiesel produces more NOx than others, and some additives have shown promise in modifying the increases.
Blends of 20% biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel (B20) can be used in unmodified diesel engines. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems. Pure blends of biodiesel may not be suitable for cold climates. B20 reduces emissions of PM by about 10 percent. However, B20 also increases NOx emissions by approximately 2%. The B20 blend costs about 15 to 30 cents per gallon more than regular diesel fuel. B100 reduces emissions of PM by roughly 40 percent and costs about 75 cents to $1.50 more than regular diesel fuel. -EPA
Catalytic Converter: A catalytic converter consists of a metal housing filled with a hard material which is covered with a catalytic compound. The presence of the catalytic converter in the engine exhaust system breaks down the chemicals in the exhaust and reduces harmful pollutant emissions. -EPA
CCM Catalyzed Converter Muffler: Caterpillar’s CCM is a diesel oxidation catalyst within a muffler assembly.
CCRTTM Catalyzed Continuously Regenerating Technology: CCRT is a Johnson Matthey DPF system incorporating DOC and passive DPF technologies.
CEMTM Catalytic Exhaust MufflerTM: CEMTM is one of Johnson Matthey’s diesel oxidation catalyst products.
Closed Crankcase Filtration System: A small but significant amount of exhaust gas leaks out from around the seals of the moving pistons in the engine and is conventionally vented to the atmosphere through the crankcase. These vapors, which contain PM, water and traces of oil, can make their way into passenger compartments of trucks and buses. Closed crankcase systems include condensation filters to remove the oil and

particulates, pressure regulators to protect the engine and ductwork to route the filtered gases back through the engine instead of to the atmosphere.
CNG Compressed Natural Gas: CNG is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly methane, and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Vehicles powered by CNG perform just like vehicles powered by diesel fuel. CNG buses can reduce emissions of PM by about 70 to 90 percent if they meet Clean Fueled Fleet requirements or have catalysts. CNG engines that do not have catalysts may have higher formaldehyde, hydrocarbon, and ultra-fine PM emissions than Clean Diesel engines meeting EPA's 2007 emission standard for PM. The cost of CNG varies, but generally is comparable to the cost of regular diesel fuel. However, the cost of a new CNG vehicle can be much higher than a comparable diesel vehicle. Additionally, CNG buses require special refueling facilities as well as special maintenance facilities, both of which are expensive. -EPA
CO Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas produced by the burning of fuels. Automobiles are the primary source of CO pollution. When CO enters the bloodstream, it reduces the delivery of oxygen to the body's organs and tissues. Health threats are most serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral vascular disease. Exposure to elevated CO levels can cause impairment of visual perception, manual dexterity, learning ability and performance of complex tasks. 77% of the nationwide CO emissions are from transportation sources. The largest emissions contribution comes from highway motor vehicles. Thus, the focus of CO monitoring has been in urban areas where the main source of CO is motor vehicle exhaust. Other major CO sources are wood-burning stoves, incinerators and factories. -EPA
CO2 Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas which is a natural byproduct of the combustion of all types of fuels. It is also produced by respiration. It is a greenhouse gas, which can contribute to global warming.
CRT® Continuously Regenerating Technology: CRT® is Johnson Matthey’s version of a passive DPF. (See DPF and Passive DPF.)
CWMF Catalyzed Wire Mesh Filter: A CWMF is a type of lightly catalyzed particulate filter designed to be used with a platinum-based, fuel borne catalyst to reduce particulates in diesel exhaust. (See FBC.)

DPM Diesel Particulate Matter (diesel PM) – That portion of the exhaust from a diesel fueled compression ignition engine that is collected via a particulate matter sampling method. Diesel PM consists of several constituents, including: an elemental carbon fraction, a soluble organic fraction and a sulfate fraction. The majority of diesel PM (i.e., 98%) is smaller than 10 microns in diameter.
DFX DFX (or Platinum Plus® DFX) is Clean Diesel Technologies’ line of fuel borne catalysts. (See FBC.)
DOC Diesel Oxidation Catalyst: DOCs are devices that use a chemical process to break down pollutants in the exhaust stream into less harmful components. Diesel oxidation catalysts can reduce emissions of PM by 20 percent and HC by 50 percent and CO by approximately 40 percent. Oxidation catalysts cost about $1,000 to $2,000, can be installed on any diesel engine, and run on regular diesel fuel. Although installation time can vary, field experience suggests it takes about 1 to 3 hours to install an oxidation catalyst. (See Oxidation Catalyst, Catalytic Converter.) –EPA
DPF Diesel Particulate Filter: Diesel particulate filters are exhaust treatment devices that reduce diesel particulate matter through filtration. They can be installed on new and used buses, but must be used in conjunction with ULSD fuel. The combination of PM filters and ULSD can reduce emissions of PM, HC, and CO by 60 to 90 percent.
DPFs must be periodically “regenerated” to remove the collected particulate matter. DPFs can incorporate passive regeneration techniques, such as the catalyzed particulate filter, or they can incorporate active regeneration techniques, such as the electrically regenerated particulate filter. (See Passive DPF.) –EPA & CARB
DPXTM DPXTM is Engelhard’s passive DPF system. (See DPF and Passive DPF.)
Emulsified Diesel Fuel: Emulsified diesel is a blended mixture of diesel fuel, water, and other additives that reduces emissions of PM as well as NOX. Emulsified diesel can be used in any diesel engine, but the addition of water reduces the energy content of the fuel, so some reduction in power and fuel economy can be expected. Emulsified fuel will stay mixed for a fairly long time. However, if a vehicle sits dormant for months at a time the water can settle out of the fuel and possibly cause problems. Therefore school buses may want to phase out the use of the fuel towards the end of the school year and then reintroduce it in the fall. Case studies suggest that emulsified diesel can reduce emissions of smog-causing NOX by about 10 - 20 percent and PM by about 50 - 60 percent. Emulsified diesel costs roughly 20 cents more per gallon than regular diesel fuel.
-EPA

ERG Exhaust Gas Recirculation: EGR systems are designed to reduce NOX emissions. Oxides of nitrogen are formed when the engine’s combustion chamber gets too hot. EGR systems consist of a series of timed valves that carry exhaust gases back to the intake. Since these gases cannot burn again, they chemically slow down and cool the combustion process, decreasing the amount of NOX produced.
EGRT® Exhaust Gas Recirculation Technology is a Johnson Matthey product that combines EGR and passive DPF technologies.
FBC Fuel Borne Catalyst: An FBC is a fuel additive containing one or more fuel-soluble metals that acts as a catalyst to lower the temperature at which regeneration occurs within a diesel particulate filter. -CARB
HC Hydrocarbons: An exhaust and evaporative pollutant of hydrogen and carbon atoms resulting from unburned fuel. HC contributes to the formation of ozone which is responsible for the choking, coughing, and stinging eyes associated with smog. Ozone damages lung tissue, aggravates respiratory disease, and makes people more susceptible to respiratory infections. Children are especially vulnerable to ozone's harmful effects, as are adults with existing disease. -EPA
LSD Low Sulfur Diesel fuel: Current EPA regulations specify that diesel test fuel contain 300 - 500 parts per million (ppm) sulfur for highway engines and 300 - 4000 ppm sulfur for nonroad engines. Significant reductions from these current sulfur levels are necessary in order for many retrofit technologies to provide meaningful, lasting emissions reductions. The manufacturers of these retrofit technologies will specify the maximum allowable sulfur level for effective operation of its products. In addition to enabling a wide array of emissions control technologies, the use of low sulfur alone reduces emissions of particulate matter.
Sulfate, a major constituent of particulate matter, is produced as a byproduct of burning diesel fuel containing sulfur. Reducing the sulfur content of fuel in turn reduces sulfate byproducts of combustion and therefore particulate matter emissions. The retrofit program will verify particulate matter reductions from the use of low sulfur alone. For the purposes of the diesel retrofit program diesel fuel must contain less than 50 ppm sulfur to be considered a low sulfur fuel. -EPA
NOX Nitrogen Oxides: Oxides of nitrogen are a family of reactive gaseous compounds that contribute to air pollution in both urban and rural environments. NOX emissions are produced during the combustion of fuels at high temperatures. The primary sources of atmospheric NOX include highway sources (such as light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles), nonroad

sources (such as construction and agricultural equipment, and locomotives) and stationary sources (such as power plants and industrial boilers). NOX can irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia, and lower resistance to respiratory infections. Nitrogen oxides are an important precursor both to ozone and acid rain, and may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. -EPA
Oxidation Catalyst: A type of catalyst (catalytic converter) which chemically converts HC and CO to water vapor and carbon dioxide. (See Catalytic Converter.) -EPA
Particulate ReactorTM: ESW’s Particulate Reactor™ is an oxidizing catalytic emission reduction system (see oxidation catalyst) which also incinerates carbon PM in diesel engine exhaust. ESW indicates that the unique converter substrate design forces carbon particles to relentlessly collide with the catalyzed fabric structure while making their way through these passages. Within the reactor sufficient temperatures are created to incinerate carbonaceous particulate matter. -ESW
Particulate Trap: An aftertreatment device which filters or traps diesel particulate matter from engine exhaust until the trap becomes loaded to the point that a regeneration cycle is implemented to burn off the trapped particulate matter. DPFs are specialized particulate traps. -EPA
PM Particulate Matter: Particulate matter includes dust, dirt, soot, smoke and liquid droplets directly emitted into the air by sources such as factories, power plants, cars, engines, construction activity, fires and natural windblown dust. Particles formed in the atmosphere by condensation or by the photochemical transformation of emitted gases are also considered particulate matter. -EPA
Passive DPF: A passive DPF is a continuously regenerating DPF that contains a catalyzed substrate, which allows the filter to be regenerated at lower operating temperatures than those required for burning off the soot on a non-catalyzed filter.
SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction: SCR is a technology designed to reduce NOX emissions by injecting a catalyst, usually ammonia, into the hot exhaust stream to convert NOX into nitrogen and CO2. The system consists of the pump/injector components plus sensors to insure adequately high temperature for the catalyst to work and to protect against engine damage.
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide: Sulfur dioxide belongs to the family of sulfur oxide gases (SOx). SOx gases are byproducts of the combustion of fuels that contain sulfur. SO2 dissolves in water vapor to form acid, and interacts with other

gases and particles in the air to form sulfates and other products that can be harmful to people and their environment. -EPA
ULSD Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel: ULSD is diesel fuel that contains less than 15 parts per million sulfur. ULSD will be available nationwide in June 2006, but currently is available in certain parts of the country. The primary purpose of ULSD is to enable or improve the performance of aftertreatment technologies such as a PM filter. The quantity of emissions reductions from the use of ULSD alone will vary depending on the application, level of sulfur reduction, and other fuel characteristics of the replacement fuel (e.g., cetane number, aromatics, PNA). Some case studies suggest that the use of ULSD alone can reduce emissions of PM between 5 and 9 percent. While ULSD-only emission reductions for PM are relatively modest on a per-vehicle basis compared to aftertreatment retrofit, the emission reductions can be significant if an entire fleet is fueled with ULSD. The price differential between ULSD and regular diesel fuel varies by location but ranges between 8 and 20 cents per gallon. In 2006, when ULSD is available nationwide, the cost differential will be much less. -EPA

Afforestation • This is the process of establishing and growing
forests to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere on
land which has not been forested in recent history.
Biodiesel • Biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of
long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats
and produced using an accepted industry-wide quality assurance
program.
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent • CO2e, is an internationally accepted
measure that expresses the amount of global warming of
greenhouse gases (GHGs). It is expressed in terms of the amount
of carbon dioxide (CO2) that would have the same global warming
potential.
Carbon Sequestration • This is the uptake and storage of carbon
through natural processes. Plants, for example, absorb carbon
dioxide and transform it into plant sugars that contain carbon.
Climate • The average weather, usually taken over a span of 30
years, for a particular region and time period is called climate. It
is not the same as weather, which describes the short-term state
of the atmosphere. Climate is the average pattern of weather
for a particular region. Climatic elements include precipitation,
temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity and phenomena
such as fog, frost and hailstorms. (See also weather.)
Climate Change • A change in expected climatic conditions
that is in addition to natural climate variability over comparable
time periods is a climate change. This change may be attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere.
Demand-Side Management • The planning, implementation,
and monitoring of activities designed to encourage consumers
to modify patterns of energy consuming activities including
the timing and level of demand. Demand-side management
may refer to energy conservation programs (energy demandside
management) or strategies that result in more efficient
use of transportation resources (transportation demand-side
management).
E10 • A fuel containing a mixture of 10 per cent ethanol and 90
per cent gasoline.
E85 • A fuel containing a mixture of 85 per cent ethanol and 15
per cent gasoline.
Emissions • These are the release of pollutants that can be
transformed into greenhouse gases, and/or the direct release of
greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere over a specific area and
period of time.
Emissions Trading • Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol establishes
a mechanism through which those countries with emissions
commitments (industrialized countries) may trade their emission
allowances with other industrialized countries that are parties
to the protocol. For example, if a company in Canada reduces its
greenhouse gas emissions to less than what it was emitting in
1990, it will have an emissions credit. The company could then
sell its emission credit to an Australian firm that has not been
able to reduce its emissions to 1990 levels in the necessary
time frame. The aim of emissions trading is to improve the
overall flexibility and economic efficiency of making emissions
reductions.
Ethanol • Ethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol that is
produced from renewable resources such as corn, wheat, straw
and other bio-mass. Ethanol can be used as a fuel, as an additive
to fuel or fuel extender, and as an industrial chemical. When
ethanol is blended with gasoline, the result is a cleaner, higheroctane
fuel than regular gas.
Fossil Fuel • This is a general term for combustible carbon
deposits of biological origin, including coal, oil, natural gas,
oil shales and tar sands. These fuels emit carbon dioxide into
the atmosphere when burned, significantly contributing to the
greenhouse effect and climate change.
Global Warming • An increase in the near surface temperature
of the Earth is called global warming. Global warming
has occurred in the distant past as the result of natural
influences. However, the term is most often used to refer to
the warming occurring as a result of increased emissions of
greenhouse gases. Scientists generally agree that the Earth’s
surface has warmed by about 0.6°C in the past 140 years. The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently
concluded that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases
are causing a rise in the Earth’s surface temperature.
Greenhouse Effect • This is the effect produced as greenhouse
gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the earth’s
atmosphere. At the same time, prevents most of the outgoing
infrared radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere
from escaping into outer space. It is like a glass greenhouse
capturing the sun’s warmth and heating the interior space. This
process occurs naturally and, historically, has kept the earth’s
temperature at about 33°C warmer than it would otherwise be.
Current life on earth could not be sustained without the natural
greenhouse effect. (See also Global Warming.)

Greenhouse Gas • Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in
the atmosphere is called a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases
include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs), ozone (O3),
perfluorocarbons carbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) •
Composed of the world’s leading climate scientists, the IPCC was
established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization and
the United Nations Environment Program. Its role is to assess
scientific, technical and socio-economic information that helps
our understanding of the risks associated with human-induced
climate change.
Integrated Watershed Management Plan • A watershed is a
defined area that gathers rainfall and other precipitation and
directs it to rivers, lakes or streams. A watershed management
plan sets out local priorities and actions for the users of the
watershed to ensure a healthy watershed can be maintained.
Integrated watershed management plans consider the provincial
land-use policies, existing development plans and zoning bylaws.
They must also specify linkages between water management and
land-use planning, and require consultation between the water
planning authority and the planning district.
Kyoto Protocol • This international agreement was reached in
1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It extends the commitments of countries
that supported the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
In particular, it sets targets for future emissions in developed
countries.
Methane (CH4) • This is a hydrocarbon that is one of the
six greenhouse gases to be controlled under the Kyoto
Protocol. Methane is produced through anaerobic (without
oxygen) decomposition of waste in landfills, animal digestion,
decomposition of animal wastes, production and distribution of
natural gas and oil, coal production, and incomplete fossil fuel
combustion. The atmospheric concentration of methane has been
shown to be increasing at a rate of about 0.6 per cent per year.
Its current concentration of about 1.7 parts per million by volume
(ppmv) is more than twice its pre-industrial value. However, the
rate of increase of methane in the atmosphere may be stabilizing.
Mitigation • Attempts to slow the process of global climate
change by lowering the level of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere are referred to as mitigation. One of the principal
means of mitigating climate change is reducing the production of
greenhouse gases.
No Regrets • Measures that produce benefits equal or exceeding
their costs are referred to as “no regrets.” These benefits include
improved performance or reduced emissions of local/regional
pollutants. They exclude the benefits of climate change mitigation
(See Mitigation). They are sometimes known as “measures worth
doing anyway.”
Sequestration • The process of absorbing carbon dioxide
out of the air through the process of photosynthesis is called
sequestration. It converts carbon dioxide into plant sugars
containing carbon
Sink • An ecosystem, such as the oceans, forests or soils, that
removes and stores carbon from the air is called a sink. The sink
is a means of removing a chemical or gas, such as carbon dioxide
or methane, from the atmosphere and placing it in a permanent
or semi-permanent repository by transforming it into another
substance. Trees, for example, can be carbon sinks because they
are able to convert carbon dioxide from the air into plant sugars
through the process of photosynthesis.
Sustainable Development • This is a broad concept referring
to the need to integrate the satisfaction of near-term economic,
social and environmental interests with the protection of the
interests of future generations, including their need for a safe
and healthy environment. The 1987 UN World Commission on
Environment and Development defined sustainable development
as meeting “the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs.”
T8 Lighting • T8 fluorescent lights are slim, high-efficiency tubes
that provide additional light and improved light quality compared
to traditional T12s. T8s are up to 30 per cent more efficient
and provide quiet, flicker-free operation, resulting in a more
comfortable environment.
Weather • This is the specific condition of the atmosphere at a
particular place and time. It is measured in terms such as wind,
temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, cloudiness, and
precipitation. In most places, weather can change from hour to
hour, day to day, and season to season. Climate is the average of
weather over time and space. A simple way of remembering the
difference is that ‘climate’ is what you expect (ex: cold winters)
and ‘weather’ is what you get (ex: a blizzard).
Zero Till • Zero till or no-till farming is an economically viable,
erosion-proof production system in which this year’s crop is
planted directly into the stubble from the previous year’s crop
with minimum soil disturbance.

Reference: http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/air/diesel/docs/dieseltechglossary.pdf

http://www.gov.mb.ca/asset_library/en/beyond_kyoto/glossary.pdf

50 Percent of New State Assets recorded

2009-01-08T10:22:00.000-06:00

The Directorate of State-owned Barang I Directorate General of the State Property Ministry of Finance to the new settlement penertiban the state-owned assets of 50 percent. Ministry of Finance can complete penertiban target BMN assets at the end of the year 2009.

"In fact, already more than 50 percent. But the number persisnya I forget," said Director of Barang I Directorate General of State-owned Assets Pardiman the State Ministry of Finance, the workshop is in between the State Security Barang Milik in Banda Aceh, on Wednesday (17/12).

In paparannya Pardiman explains, many state-owned goods inventory is not supported by proof of ownership or legal status of the obvious. Each state institutions, in this case the ministries or departments that have the goods do not conduct or recording of the adequate.

He said, the findings of the Board of Finance Pemeriksa Central Government Financial Report for 2007 said, the value of fixed assets owned by the government does not believe the truth or disclaimer BMN because many do not have a certificate of ownership. Then, CPC also found that the assets remain in some ministries and state institutions in 2007, is not presented in accordance denan government accounting standards. He also said, many remain in the asset management of ministries and state institutions, not in accordance with the provisions.

Pardiman states, should the respective ministries and state institutions to do their own inventory of the use of BMN. But, in fact, many of them do not do this. "We should do the inventory," he said.

Reports on the results of the examination semester II in 2007, recently submitted Pemeriksa Finance Agency (BPK), found the number of awkwardness in the use of assets owned by several state ministries, institutions and individuals.

CPC, in the report, highlights the BMN as 35 buildings worth Rp 77.60 billion in the Proclamation Road, Central Jakarta, the country should be used, but the other party. CPC other reports, which received Kompas, Monday (14 / 4), also revealed the chaotic marutnya-BMN.

However, irregularities in the management of not only the house, building or buildings owned by the state, but also other assets, such as land, machinery, and vehicles.

BMN also revealed the use by third parties in 19 departments and agencies without the permission of the Minister of Finance, let alone contribute to the state. BMN is a land area of 10,078.85 hectares of the estimated price of at least Rp 3.79 trillion. Building and construction of 117 units with a minimum value of Rp 273.8 billion and the equipment and machinery as much as 11,744 units with a value of Rp 61.77 billion.

CPC also reveal, state-owned land in the 20 departments and agencies of 344,092.4 hectares with a value of Rp 5.2 trillion has not been certified. While the 387 area of 51,595.8 hectares of land in 12 departments and institutions worth Rp 1.13 trillion in the status of legal disputes. There is also no clear ownership. (Kompas / 17 April 2008)

Expose Pardiman workshop participants before the show, until the end of November 2008, the settlement of penertiban BMN 80-99 percent, reaching a new 3 percent. The percentage of the settlement of less than 50 percent of assets BMN reaches 39 percent of the total assets of the country.

Some participants also stated, it is very difficult to do penertiban administrative state assets when regional autonomy in progress. Bambang, staff Sumatra Central River Region of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam I said, when the process of autonomy and take office of Public Works department was changed to offices under the local government, many assets, and then transferred to local governments. "Is that right only use or change to the property, has not been clear until now," he said.

Pardiman also acknowledge, the delay penertiban assets, such as state-owned land, as there is no exemption from the National to the conditions. He said, Ministry of Finance expects a dispensation from the BPN certification center to make hundreds of thousands of hectares of state land that does not yet have a certificate.

"But, we just have to keep coming to the office of BPN and registering hundreds of thousands of hectares of land owned by the state. If it can, there is a kind of exemption for that," he said.

Is Einstein the Last Great Genius?

2009-01-08T10:15:00.000-06:00

Major breakthroughs in science have historically been the province of individuals, not institutes. Galileo and Copernicus, Edison and Einstein, toiling away in lonely labs or pondering the cosmos in private studies.

But in recent decades - especially since the Soviet success in launching the Sputnik satellite in 1957 - the trend has been to create massive institutions that foster more collaboration and garner big chunks of funding.

And it is harder now to achieve scientific greatness. A study of Nobel Prize winners in 2005 found that the accumulation of knowledge over time has forced great minds to toil longer before they can make breakthroughs. The age at which thinkers produce significant innovations increased about six years during the 20th century.

Don't count the individual genius out just yet, however.

A balance between individual and institutional approaches is the best idea, according to a new theory by a Duke University engineer Adrian Bejan, who thinks institutions benefit most from the co-existence of large groups that self-organize naturally and lone scientists coming up with brilliant new ideas.

"The history of scientific achievement is marked by solitary investigators, from Archimedes to Newton to Darwin," Bejan points out in the December issue of the International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics. "Solitary thinkers have flourished throughout history because it is natural - science is good for the mind of the thinker and for the well-being of society. Even though the trend is toward the creation of large research groups, the individual will always flourish."

Yet the very notion of individual genius is somewhat overrated, as even some of the geniuses will attest.

Sir Isaac Newton, for example, said that if he had achieved anything with his work, such as his laws of motion and gravity, it was "by standing on the shoulders of giants."

Soviet pressure

The course of modern research changed abruptly after Oct. 4, 1957, when the former Soviet Union became the first nation in space by launching Sputnik, Bejan said. That fueled a dramatic increase in U.S. funding of large research groups within institutions already known for their research, he says. This model was adopted by smaller institutions, which also began forming larger groups to attract funding.

However, individual big thinkers didn't disappear. Bejan argues they continued to thrive. He thinks his "constructal theory," which he began describing in 1996, might explain why.

The theory states that so-called flow systems evolve to balance and minimize imperfections, reducing friction or other forms of resistance, so that the least amount of useful energy is lost. Examples in nature include rivers and streams that make up a delta or the intricate airways of the lungs.

In research done by humans, Bejan sees two main flows: those of ideas in the form of scientific findings, and those of support, measured by tangible factors such as funding and lab space.

"Successful research groups are those that grow and evolve on their own over time," he says. "For example, an individual comes up with a good idea, gets funding, and new group begins to form around that good idea. This creates a framework where many smaller groups contribute to the whole."

Solitary confinement

Extremes are not conducive to productive science, Bejan thinks.

"If an institution is made up only of solitary researchers, it would have many ideas but little support," he said. "On the other hand, a group that is large for the sake of size would have a lot of support, but would comparatively have fewer ideas per investigator."

This problem was epitomized by the old Soviet-style research, where the government decreed the goal and scope of research and populated its monolithic structures with like-minded scientists, Bejan said.

There is no inherent conflict between research empires and the individual, but rather a balance that serves the greater good, as Bejan puts it. And so, institutional administrators should go easy on the individual who shows signs of greatness.

"I would argue that those administrators who coerce their colleagues into large groups solely to attract more funding, to beef up their curriculum vitae or to generate more papers, are acting against the self-organizing nature of the institution and its research," Bejan said. "Complete coalescence into large groups does not happen and will not happen."

Bejan's thinking, it should be noted, is supported by funding from the National Science Foundation.

The next Einstein?

Some might argue that the nature of genius is such that it can't be quashed, regardless.

Those who use their minds to great ends are known to work at it. A 35-year study in 2006, which looked at mathematically gifted children to see what they ended up doing with their lives, revealed the next Einstein might be a baby now, or perhaps is yet to be born.
Vote Now: The Greatest Modern Minds
Recipe for Genius Revealed
Geniuses are Just Like Us
This article is from the LiveScience Water Cooler: What people are talking about in the world of science and beyond.
Original Story: Is Einstein the Last Great Genius?
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